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Buckels, E. Purchasing sex has also been associated with rape myth acceptance among Prostitutes Gori Cotton et al. Cross-culturally, men who pay for sex report having more sexual partners than men who have never purchased sex Pitts et al.

The traits of the tetrad may also be more prevalent among men who purchase sex from female sex workers in outdoor e. Direct prostitution Prostitutes Gori. This is contrasted with indirect prostitution, wherein the exchange of money for sex may not be the main source of income e.

However, the terminology describing prostitution is a hotly contested matter Prostitutes Gori scholars Benoit et al. Prostitution has been practiced across a myriad of different cultures since ancient times in sex-specific ways, whereby men have tended to be the primary consumers of sex work services offered by women and men Dylewski and Prokop, In the last decade, Prostitutes Gori increasing amount of scholarly work has been devoted to studying male clients of female sex workers discussed in Milrod and Monto, Many researchers Prostitutes Gori studied the role of individual differences in attitudes, beliefs, motives, and behavior among men paying for direct and indirect forms of Prostitutes Gori in comparison to those who do not pay for sex Pitts et al.

But few have directly assessed differences in major dimensions of personality i.

Several scholars have approached the topic of prostitution using the framework of evolutionary psychology Burley and Symanski, ; Buss and Schmitt, ; Salmon, ; Prokop et al. However, to Prostitutes Gori knowledge, none have explicitly considered the utility of an evolutionary personality perspective in studying male clients of prostitution, which is the focus of the current mini-review.

Evolutionary psychologists have emphasized how personality dimensions influence Prostitutes Gori mate preferences i.

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Because individual differences in personality impact fitness-relevant outcomes and show a high degree of inter-individual variability, heritability, and developmental stability, it is fruitful to consider their potential adaptive value Nettle, ; Buss, Prostitutes Gori From the perspective of life history theory, personality traits in human and non-human animals are argued to embody resource investment trade-offs e.

This Prostitutes Gori history framework has been applied to personality traits Prostitutes Gori to be socially desirable across cultures, such as honesty-humility avoidance of manipulating others; Lee et al. The Dark Prostitutes Gori is a four-variable model of personality that is characterized by ego-centrism and grandiosity i. However, researchers have cautioned that the application of life history theory to human personality has become fractioned from its theoretical origins in ecology and evolutionary biology Nettle and Frankenhuis, The fast—slow continuum of life history has also been criticized by some who argue that these strategies do not operate on a single continuum Holtzman and Senne, Scholars have further contended that the evolutionary processes that lead to differences Prostitutes Gori species in life history Darwinian evolution are not the same as those that lead to differences Prostitutes Gori psychological traits among members within a species e.

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Nonetheless, academics maintain that a life history framework is useful Prostitutes Gori understanding variability in personality traits in human and non-human animals Wolf et al. In previous research, the traits of the tetrad have been associated with, to varying degrees, an earlier sexual debut Harris et al.

Individuals expressing higher levels of the Dark Tetrad personality dimensions are also more Prostitutes Gori to engage in aggression Paulhus et Prostitutes Gori. Deficits in affective empathy i. It has been argued that to feel empathy for another, it is necessary to perceive that others have minds like our own i. Failing to attribute minds Prostitutes Gori others can result in not seeing other people as fully human i. These dynamics may be especially apparent among those with elevated levels of Dark Tetrad traits Bastian, Evolutionary scholars have argued that prostitution qualifies a form of short-term mating because it tends to involve an explicit exchange of goods e.

Previous researchers have shown how several non-human animals exchange material resources for sexual opportunities and vice versa. Female purple-throated carib hummingbirds Eulampis jugularis trade sex for access to feeding sites that are vigilantly guarded by more dominant males Wolf, Female chimpanzees Pan troglodytes provide sex in return for calorie-rich meat from males that hunt Prostitutes Gori and Boesch, Although money is a human cultural Prostitutes Gori, brown capuchin monkeys Cebus apella are capable of learning the validity of symbolic currency and may trade tokens for sex Chen et al.

These studies highlight how Prostitutes Gori is not unique to humans and that monetary transactions can be understood from an evolutionary perspective. Cross-culturally, men who pay for Prostitutes Gori report having more sexual partners than men who have never purchased sex Pitts et al. Male clients also tend to report an Prostitutes Gori sexual debut than non-clients Schei and Stigum, ; Ompad et al.

Furthermore, male clients of prostitution express more permissive attitudes toward extramarital sex, they think about sex more frequently, report a higher frequency of masturbating Monto and McRee, ; Monto and Milrod,Prostitutes Gori access pornography more often than men who do not pay for sex Monto and McRee, ; Farley et al.

Male clients have further been shown to engage in more sexual risk-taking and have a higher likelihood Prostitutes Gori acquiring and transmitting sexually transmitted illnesses than non-buyers Ward et al. Compared to men who have never bought sex, male clients also display less empathic accuracy i. Purchasing sex has also been associated with Prostitutes Gori myth acceptance among men Cotton et al.

Across samples of arrested offenders and non-offenders from different cultures, a very consistent set of reasons regarding why men purchase sex from women have been identified McKeganey, ; Xantidis and McCabe, ; Vanwesenbeeck, ; Cotton et al. Prostitutes Gori, caution should be exercised when trying to extrapolate findings from offenders to non-arrested male clients of sex work because these individual differ in important ways e.

These key general motives include: wanting novel, exciting, and forbidden sex with a variety of female sex workers who are treated with contempt to satisfy their sexual urges; seeking specific sexual acts that dating or romantic partners are unwilling or unlikely to provide; perceiving sex in a business-like manner without emotional involvement that is less complicated than dating and romantic relationships; a desire to dominate and control female sex workers who are perceived as vulnerable and subservient; and seeking comfort, companionship, love, and intimacy.

The results described in this section support the idea that a majority of male clients of female sex Prostitutes Gori express heightened short-term mating proclivities, Prostitutes Gori that the Prostitutes Gori guiding a subgroup of men purchasing prostitution may actually signal long-term mating effort e. Few researchers have directly assessed major dimensions of personality among male clients of female sex workers.

In Zimbabwe, men who had previously been clients of prostitution reported higher levels of impulsivity, pleasure seeking, and ego-defensiveness Wilson et al.

Australian male clients of brothels purchasing services from female sex workers expressed Prostitutes Gori levels of sensation-seeking i. Prostitutes Gori and McCabe also found that male clients espousing motives in line with viewing sex as a business transaction, were significantly higher in sensation-seeking than customers seeking Prostitutes Gori and companionship.

American men who bought prostitution services reported heightened levels of hostile masculinity, which is argued to be a personality profile embodying hostility and cynicism toward women, and attitudes that justify aggression toward and the domination of women Farley et al.

Among American men arrested for prostitution, those who endorsed inaccurate beliefs about prostitution e. There are several lines of evidence discussed in the preceding sections that support the argument that the Dark Tetrad personality characteristics may be relevant in understanding why certain men pay Prostitutes Gori sex.

Like many male clients of prostitution, individuals higher on Prostitutes Gori Dark Tetrad traits tend to express a penchant for short-term and impersonal Prostitutes Gori Holtzman and Strube,; Jonason et al. These findings also suggest that the Dark Tetrad may be especially prevalent among men expressing particular motives, including exciting and contemptuous sex with a variety of sex workers, commodified and business-like sex, Prostitutes Gori the desire to have power over and to Prostitutes Gori sex workers see Figure 1 for predicted relations.

Conversely, the traits of the tetrad may not as clearly typify men seeking sex workers for specific acts due to unfulfilled desires from their partners. The prevalence of the Prostitutes Gori Tetrad dimensions is likely even more diminished among men who buy sex for the purpose of companionship, intimacy, and love. Figure 1. Hypothetical expression of Dark Tetrad traits along a scale from 1 low to 7 high among male clients of female sex works by motive and type of prostitution service.

It is also possible that male clients of outdoor sex work e. This is because outdoor sex work is characterized by elevated risk, danger, illegal substance use, and the exploitation Prostitutes Gori women who are more often the targets of violence on behalf of clients Prostitutes Gori, ; Lowman and Atchison, ; Sanders, ; Milrod and Monto, Indeed, many men who seek female sex workers through internet sexual service providers for indoor prostitution report avoiding outdoor sex workers for these reasons Milrod and Monto, Male clients of indoor sex work tend to be older and buy sex for the purpose of companionship, love, and intimacy in comparison to men who pay for outdoor prostitution services Milrod and Monto, It is important to consider evidence that could falsify the predictions delineated in the previous section.

Anyone sitting with Sarto and Gori should have been intimidated, especially a two-bit pimp who seemed to be talking about his prostitute. Gori Sex Guide advises where to find sex, working girls, prostitution, street hookers, brothels, red-light districts, sex shops.

The personality trait of honesty-humility shares Prostitutes Gori negative association with each Dark Prostitutes Gori trait Lee et al. Therefore, if honesty-humility is positively associated with the motives of exciting and contemptuous sex, commodified sex, or power and control, evidence would run counter to our predictions.

Similarly, if men who buy sex in the form of outdoor prostitution express greater Prostitutes Gori than clients who buy sex using indoor services, this Prostitutes Gori also contradict our proposition. In future research, it will be important to examine major dimensions of personality, such as the Dark Tetrad traits, among clients, as well as the type of prostitution service they are accessing. Furthermore, many investigators do not assess whether men who have paid for sex have previously been arrested for solicitation of prostitution, which Prostitutes Gori an examination of this potentially confounding variable Monto and McRee, ; Monto and Milrod, It is also important for researchers to consider the role of random responding when studying variables with Prostitutes Gori that are not centered around the middle of response scales, such as narcissism Prostitutes Gori psychopathy Holtzman and Donnellan, Failure to take random responding into account for these kinds of variables can lead to inflated and biased effect size estimates, which can contribute to inaccurate inferences about statistical results.

In the Prostitutes Gori mini review, we argue that an evolutionary personality perspective can shed unique insight into the Prostitutes Gori characteristics of male clients of female sex work. Given that men who display higher levels of socially deviant personality traits e. These relations may be particularly apparent among male clients espousing specific motives e. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of research on the personality characteristics that typify men who buy sex from those who do not.

Empirical work on this topic is important because it can be used to better inform lawmakers, health professionals, and sex workers regarding the kinds of men who purchase sex, as well as the risks and dangers associated with involvement in particular kinds of prostitution.

AD took the lead role in determining the focus of the submission, conducting the literature review, and writing the manuscript. TV and SA provided important guidance in Prostitutes Gori to writing and editing the manuscript in preparation for submission.

All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare Prostitutes Gori the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Benoit, C. Prostitution stigma and its effect on Prostitutes Gori working conditions, personal lives, and health of Prostitutes Gori workers. Sex Res. Book, A. Buckels, E. Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Burley, N. Google Scholar. Buss, D. How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences?

Baumeister Hove: Psychology Press57— Mate Prostitutes Gori and their behavioral manifestations. Buunk, A. Intrasexual competitiveness and personality traits: a study in Uruguay.

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Frontiers | The Dark Tetrad and Male Clients of Female Sex Work | Psychology

De Petrillo, F. Evolutionary origins of money categorization and Prostitutes Gori an experimental I nvestigation in tufted capuchin monkeys Sapajus spp. Decker, M. Del Giudice, M. Rethinking the fast-slow continuum of individual differences.

Dubas, J. Prostitutes Gori personality traits and impulsivity among adolescents: differential links to problem behaviors and family relations. Shackelford and V. Weekes-Shackelford Cham: Springer. Edwards, B. Dark and vulnerable personality trait correlates of dimensions Prostitutes Gori criminal behavior among adult offenders. Farley, M. Comparing sex buyers with men who do not buy sex: new data on prostitution and trafficking.

Attitudes and social characteristics of men who buy sex in Scotland. Trauma Theory Res. Policy 3, — Sociosexuality and bright and dark personality: the prediction of behavior, attitude, and desire to engage in casual sex. Public Health Figueredo, A. The K-factor, covitality, and personality. Fiske, S. From dehumanization and Prostitutes Gori, to rehumanization: neuroimaging studies on the building blocks of empathy. Foster, J. Theoretical models of narcissism, sexuality, and relationship commitment.

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Gomes, C. Wild chimpanzees exchange meat for sex on a long-term basis. PloS One 4:e Harcourt, C. The many faces of sex work. Harris, G. Prostitutes Gori Gallery. Prostitution in Abkhazia is rampant, including child prostitution. See also: Human trafficking in Georgia country. Prostitution in Asia. Caged until Prostitutes Gori life for Mumbai's prostitutes. Prostitutes in Rust'avi The three men were arrested late Thursday night as they left a Prostitutes Gori on First Avenue at 51st Street, where they had met with three Prostitutes Gori women link they thought Prostitutes Gori willing to join the operation, but who were undercover policewomen.

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