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Infection with HPV may lead to cervical and oropharyngeal cancers [ 3 ]. Log in using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts.

Cervical cancer is the third Prostitutes Beek common malignancy in women and persistent infection Prostitutes Beek HPV is the major risk factor for the development of this disease [ 4 ]. Fourteen HPV genotypes are considered high risk types including HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68 [ 67 ]. HPV 16 and 18 genotypes are Prostitutes Beek most common types [ 7 ].

HPV is transmitted by direct contact [ 8 ], usually by sexual intercourse [ 9 ]. HPV causes the most Prostitutes Beek sexually transmitted infection [ 10 ].

Female sex workers Prostitutes Beek a high prevalence of infection with high risk HPV genotypes [ 11 ]. These workers constitute an epidemiologically important population group for HPV infection because they Prostitutes Beek acquire this infection and transmit it to other sexual partners.

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The epidemiology of HPV infection in female sex workers in Mexico has been poorly studied. In a previous study of female sex workers in the northern Mexican city of Gomez-Palacio in Durango State, researchers found a Prostitutes Beek In the present study, that was performed in another city the capital of Durango State, and with a different study design case-control from the previous study cross-sectionalwe aimed to determine: 1 The association between the occupation of female sex work and infection with HPV in the northern Mexican Prostitutes Beek of Durango; 2 The HPV genotypes infecting the women studied; and 3 The HPV prevalence association with behavioral factors of the female sex workers Prostitutes Beek.

We performed a case-control study. Cases were Prostitutes Beek sex workers, and controls were women without the occupation of sex worker. Controls were matched with cases by sex females.

Human Papillomavirus Infection in Female Sex Workers: A Case Control Study

This study was performed from November to May All registered female sex workers were invited to participate. A female sex worker was defined as a Prostitutes Beek working Prostitutes Beek the sex industry.

Inclusion criteria for enrollment of cases were: 1 Registered female sex worker; 2 With at least 1 year of working in the sex activity; and 3 Aged 18 years and older. A questionnaire was Prostitutes Beek to record the sociodemographic, obstetric and behavioral data of female sex workers. Items about age, education, and obstetric data as pregnancies, deliveries, cesarean sections, and miscarriages were included in the Prostitutes Beek.

In addition, behavioral factors Prostitutes Beek duration in the activity yearscondom use, contact with semen during vaginal intercourse, practice of oral or anal sex, area of work, sex activity in Mexican States other than Durango or abroad, injuries during sex activity, alcohol or tobacco consumption, and drug use from the female sex workers were obtained.

A cervical swap sample was obtained from each participant. DNA of samples was extracted by proteinase K digestion, and phenol-chloroform extraction.

Gent, Belgium. This test is based on the principle of reverse hybridization and allows the detection of 28 different HPV genotypes. Amplicons are denatured and hybridized with specific oligonucleotide probes on membrane strips. Results were interpreted visually.

All assays were performed Prostitutes Beek the instructions of Prostitutes Beek manufacturer. Chicago, Illinois and Epi Info 7. Prostitutes Beek result of the sample size calculation was cases and controls. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the prevalence of HPV infection.

Participation in this study was voluntary, and a written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Prostitutes Beek total of women were included in the study. Of them, were sex workers and were control subjects. Sex workers were Whereas control women were Therefore, statistical analysis was performed with age adjustment.

Sexually transmitted diseases in Asia and the Pacific.

Of the sex workers, 12 5. Whereas of the control women, 10 2. HPV genotypes found in the eight sex workers with single infections were: 6, 11, 16, 26, 35, 40, 43, and HPV genotypes found in the four sex workers with multiple infections were: 69 Prostitutes Beek 71 in two; 31, 40, and 58 in one; and Prostitutes Beek, 33, and 53 in one. HPV genotypes found in the two control women with double or triple infections were genotypes 56 and 58 in one, and genotypes 31, 40, and 58 in Prostitutes Beek other one.

None of these characteristics was associated with HPV infection. Results of the logistic regression analysis are shown in Table 3. There is scanty information about the epidemiology of HPV infection in female sex workers in Mexico. This result thus suggests that female sex workers do not have an increased risk of HPV infection. This finding is unexpected since having multiple sexual partners may lead to higher HPV transmission, and Prostitutes Beek a review of 35 studies, researchers found that female sex workers had a high prevalence of HPV infection Prostitutes Beek 11 ].

In a study in Antwerp, Belgium, researchers found a higher prevalence of high-risk HPV infection in female sex workers than in controls of the general population [ 14 ]. Similarly, in a study in Hungary, higher prevalences of HPV infection Prostitutes Beek high-risk HPV infection were found in female sex workers than in control women Prostitutes Beek 15 ]. Furthermore, in a study in Japan, researchers found a higher prevalence of intermediate- and high-risk HPV infection in commercial sex workers than in control subjects [ 16 ].

On the other hand, the lack of association between HPV infection and sex work found in our study agrees with a Prostitutes Beek result found in a study of commercial sex workers in Australia [ 17 ].

In a national context, we are aware of only two previous reports on the epidemiology of HPV Prostitutes Beek in female sex workers in Mexico.

In a previous descriptive study of Prostitutes Beek sex workers in the northern Mexican city of Gomez-Palacio in Durango State, researchers found a high The prevalence of HPV infection found in our study is thus much lower than those reported in previous studies in female sex workers in Mexico.

A reverse sting is one in which those who solicit prostitution are targeted Van Beek and Cleveringa were charged with Hiring for Sexual. Sex work, or prostitution, is the provision of sexual services for money or its equivalent. Sex workers may be Harcourt C, van Beek I, Heslop J, et al.

It is likely that differences in the sociodemographic or behavioral characteristics of Prostitutes Beek workers including age, duration in the activity, condom use, or number of sexual partners might explain the differences in prevalences among the studies. On the other hand, we compared the prevalence of HPV infection found in sex workers from Durango City to those reported in women in the region. The low prevalence of HPV infection in sex workers Prostitutes Beek in Prostitutes Beek study is comparable to the 4.

We found that the variable alcohol consumption was associated with HPV infection in female sex workers. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous report on the association between female sex work and alcohol consumption.

Human Papillomavirus Infection in Female Sex Workers: A Case Control Study - PMC

It is possible that sex workers with alcohol consumption take less care of preventive measures against HPV infection. Substance use including alcohol consumption has been linked to HPV infection in Prostitutes Beek sex workers in Prostitutes Beek [ 20 ]. The association between HPV infection and alcohol consumption deserves further investigation. J Clin Med Res. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Copyright notice. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract Objective: To compile a global typography of commercial sex work. Public health. Reducing HIV transmission in developing countries. Sex workers and the control of sexually transmitted disease.

Genitourin Med. Successful eradication of sexually transmitted diseases in the People's Republic of China: implications for the 21st century. J Infect Dis. Declining prevalence of STI in the London sex industry, to Prostitutes Beek A unique community of family-oriented prostitutes in Nepal uninfected by HIV The social organization of commercial sex work Prostitutes Beek Moscow, Prostitutes Beek.

Sex Transm Dis. Transmission and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in war settings: implications for current and future armed conflicts.

Health-seeking strategies and sexual health among female sex workers in urban India: implications for research and service provision. Soc Sci Med. Crack, crack house sex, and HIV risk. Arch Sex Behav. Women brothel workers and occupational Prostitutes Beek risks.

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J Epidemiol Community Health. Prostitutes Beek health and welfare needs of female and transgender street sex workers in New South Wales.

Risky business: health and safety in the sex industry over a 9 year period. Prostitutes Beek knowledge, risk behaviors, and condom use among four groups of female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. HIV infection Prostitutes Beek sex workers in Accra: need to target new recruits entering the trade.

Six (%) of the 12 HPV DNA positive sex workers had infections with Tideman RL, Thompson C, Rose B, Gilmour S, Marks C, van Beek I. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; Harcourt C, van Beek I, Heslop J, McMahon M, Donovan B. The health and welfare needs of female and transgender street sex workers.

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Women who sell sex in a Ugandan trading town: life histories, survival Prostitutes Beek and risk. AIDS knowledge, Prostitutes Beek behaviors, and factors related to condom use among male commercial sex workers and male tourist clients in Bali, Indonesia.