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Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady. Maesa spread a rumor, Prostitutes Woerden Soaemias publicly supported, that Elagabalus was the illegitimate child of Caracalla [17] [27] and so deserved the loyalty of Roman soldiers and senators who had sworn allegiance to Caracalla.

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Dio's Roman History spans nearly a millenniumfrom the arrival of Aeneas in Italy until the year His contemporaneous account of Elagabalus's reign is generally considered more reliable than the Augustan History or other accounts for this general time period, [97] [98] Prostitutes Woerden by his own admission Dio spent the greater part of the relevant period outside of Rome and had to rely on Prostitutes Woerden information.

Furthermore, the political climate in the aftermath of Elagabalus's reign, as well as Dio's own position within the government of Severus Alexander, who held him in high esteem and made him consul again, likely influenced the truth of this part of his history for the worse. Dio regularly refers to Elagabalus as Sardanapaluspartly to distinguish him from his divine namesake, [99] but chiefly to do his part in maintaining the damnatio memoriae and to associate him with another autocrat notorious for a dissolute life.

Historian Clare Rowan calls Dio's account a mixture of reliable information and "literary exaggeration", noting that Elagabalus's marriages and time as consul are confirmed by numismatic and epigraphic records. Another contemporary of Elagabalus was Herodiana minor Roman civil servant who lived from c. His work largely overlaps with Dio's own Roman Historyand the texts, written independently of each other, agree more often than not about Elagabalus and his short Prostitutes Woerden eventful reign.

Arrizabalaga writes that Herodian is in most ways "less detailed and punctilious than Dio", [] and he is deemed less reliable by many Prostitutes Woerden scholars, though Prostitutes Woerden considers his account Prostitutes Woerden Elagabalus's reign more reliable than Dio's [] and Herodian's lack of literary and scholarly pretensions are considered to make him less biased than senatorial historians.

The source of many stories of Elagabalus's depravity Prostitutes Woerden the Augustan History Historia Augustawhich includes controversial claims.

For readers of the modern age, The History of the Decline Prostitutes Woerden Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon — further cemented the scandalous reputation of Elagabalus. Gibbon not only accepted and expressed outrage at the allegations of the ancient historians, but he might have added some details of his Prostitutes Woerden for example, Prostitutes Woerden is Prostitutes Woerden first historian known to claim that Gannys was a eunuch.

To confound the order of the season and climate, to sport with the passions and prejudices of his Prostitutes Woerden, and to subvert every law of nature and decency, Prostitutes Woerden in the number of his most delicious amusements. A long train of concubines, and a rapid succession of wives, among whom was a vestal virgin, ravished by force from her sacred asylum, were insufficient to satisfy the impotence of his passions.

The master of the Roman world affected to copy the manners and dress of the female sex, preferring the distaff to the sceptre, and dishonored the principal dignities of the empire by distributing them among his numerous lovers; one of whom was publicly invested with Prostitutes Woerden title and authority of the emperor's, or, as he more properly styled himself, the empress's husband. It may seem probable, the vices and follies of Elagabalus have been adorned by fancy, Prostitutes Woerden blackened by prejudice.

Yet, confining ourselves to the public Prostitutes Woerden displayed before the Roman people, and attested by grave and contemporary historians, their inexpressible infamy surpasses that of any other age or country.

The 20th-century anthropologist James George Frazer author of The Golden Bough took seriously the monotheistic aspirations of the emperor, but also ridiculed him: "The dainty priest of the Sun [was] the most abandoned reprobate who ever sat upon a throne It was the intention of this eminently religious Prostitutes Woerden crack-brained despot to supersede the worship of all the gods, not only at Rome but throughout the world, by the single worship of Elagabalus or the Sun.

Stuart Hay, "a serious and systematic study" [] more sympathetic than that of previous historians, which nonetheless stressed the exoticism of Elagabalus, calling his reign one of "enormous wealth and excessive prodigality, luxury and aestheticism, carried to their ultimate extreme, and sensuality in all the refinements of its Eastern habit".

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Some recent historians paint a more favourable picture of Prostitutes Woerden emperor's rule. Martijn Icks, in Images of Elagabalus ; republished as The Crimes of Elagabalus in anddoubts the reliability of the ancient sources and argues that it was the emperor's unorthodox religious policies that alienated the power elite of Rome, to the point Prostitutes Woerden his grandmother saw fit to eliminate him and replace him with his cousin. He was simply the loser in a power struggle within the imperial family; the loyalty of the Praetorian Guards was up for sale, and Julia Maesa had the resources to outmaneuver and outbribe her grandson.

In this version of events, once Elagabalus, his mother, and his immediate circle had been murdered, a campaign of character assassination began, resulting in a grotesque caricature that has persisted to the present day. Warwick Ballin his book Rome in the Eastwrites Prostitutes Woerden very apologetic account of the emperor, arguing that the wild descriptions of his religious rites Prostitutes Woerden exaggerated and should be dismissed as propaganda, similar to how pagan descriptions of Christian rites Prostitutes Woerden cannibalism and unspeakable orgies have since been dismissed.

Ball describes the emperor's ritual processions marriage of the gods as sound political and religious policy; that syncretism of eastern and western deities deserves praise Prostitutes Woerden than the ridicule he received.

Ultimately, he paints Elagabalus as a child forced to become emperor by his scheming grandmother, and who rightfully, as high-priest of a cult, continued his rituals even after becoming emperor, which he viewed as a secondary occupation. Finally, Ball notes the eventual victory of Elagabalus, as his deity would be welcomed by Rome in its Sol Invictus form, brought back from Emesa by Aurelian 50 years later.

Ball assets that Sol Invictus came to influence the monotheist Christian beliefs of Prostitutes Woerdenbeing grafted into Christianity till this day. Despite the attempted damnatio memoriaestories about Elagabalus survived and figured Prostitutes Woerden many works of art and literature. The most notable of these Prostitutes Woerden include: [].

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Roman emperor from to For the god with the same name, see Prostitutes Woerden deity.

Bust, Capitoline Museums. Corpse thrown into the Tiber. Further information: Severan dynasty family tree. Sculpture of Julia Soaemias.

Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. London: I. ISBN Retrieved 6 November Part Chronicle of the City of Rome". Archived from the original on 1 October Retrieved 14 November Archived from the original on 10 August Retrieved 2 October Prostitutes Woerden of Ghent.

Archived from Prostitutes Woerden original on 16 August Retrieved 7 August Whittemore Jr. Transactions and Proceedings Prostitutes Woerden the American Philological Association. JSTOR Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 18 August Archived from the original on 26 October Retrieved 30 August Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome.

Supplementary Volume. ISSN OCLC Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the Prostitutes Woerden Aurelius Prostitutes Woerden when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady. Chicago: glbtq, Inc. Archived PDF from the original on 17 November Retrieved 6 August The Transsexual Phenomenon.

Transactions of the Prostitutes Woerden York Academy of Sciences. PMID Archived from the original on 24 Prostitutes Woerden Retrieved 27 April Popkin, The Architecture of the Roman Triumphp. However, [ Monnaies Consulaires II. Bologna: Forni. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon.

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New York: Prostitutes Woerden Bury in introduction to Hayp. Retrieved on 3 May The Modern Language Review.

Heliogabalus: A Buffoonery in Three Acts. New York: Alfred A. Prostitutes Woerden New York, A. Heliogabalus: A Love Prostitutes Woerden. Toronto: Cabaret Theatre Company. Archived from the original on 4 April Retrieved 29 June Eduardo Berti [Enlarged, corrected and updated edition] ed. Archived from the original on 12 March Retrieved 12 March The Fader.

Archived from the original on 7 December Augustan History. Retrieved 19 February Prostitutes Woerden from the original on 11 June Retrieved 9 July Prostitutes Woerden Dio, Cassius [3rd century]. Roman History. Books 7980 Loeb Classical Library ed.

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Book 5. Translated by Edward C. Archived from the original on 29 December Retrieved 24 August Arrizabalaga y Prado, Leonardo de The Emperor Elagabulus: Fact or Fiction? Arrizabalaga y Prado, Leonardo de. Ball, Warwick Rome in the Prostitutes Woerden. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge.

Prostitution in Early Modern Amsterdam Lotte van de Pol that she had returned to the city on the advice of Anne van Woerden and Hester Michiels. Collagenous colitis in Ossenkoppele GJ see Ramakers - van Woerden NL see Dow GR among intravenous drug abusers and prostitutes in Damascus, Ostardo E.

Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Birley, Anthony R. The Cambridge Ancient History.

Prostitution in Early Modern Amsterdam Lotte van de Pol that she had returned to the city on the advice of Anne van Woerden and Hester Michiels. Drive-in Museum Castellum, Woerden: Address, Drive-in Museum Castellum Reviews: 4/5. See all things to do.

The Crisis of Empire, AD — 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Burns, Jasper Cooley, Alison Prostitutes Woerden. The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Prostitutes Woerden, Adrian How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower. Grant, Michael Halsberghe, Gaston Prostitutes Woerden. The Cult of Sol Invictus. Leiden: Brill. Hay, J. Stuart The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus. London: MacMillan. Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 3 May Additional copy. Introduction by J. Icks, Martijn Kienast, Dietmar [].

Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Kienast, Dietmar. History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, Meckler, Michael L. Millar, Fergus The Roman Near Prostitutes Woerden, 31 B. Niebuh, B. The History Of Rome. London, England: Taylor and Walter.

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Amidst growing opposition, at just 18 years of age he was assassinated and replaced by his cousin Severus Alexander in March Bury in introduction to Hay , p. Retrieved 29 June

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