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Fledgling NGOs and individuals played key roles in establishing these new boundaries and roles, but the inclusion of the Catholic Church was seen as a key step in this process. Avraham Kapitza, born in Tykocin, Poland, on June 6,discusses his family life; pre-war antisemitism; Prostitutes Krapkowice Germans' arrival link ; the administration of Tykocin under German occupation; fleeing to Knyszyn, Poland, where he stayed for three weeks; fleeing to Jasionowka, Poland; ending up in Prostitutes Krapkowice Bialystok ghetto; being taken to Blizin; being sent to Birkenau, where he would have been killed because he was infected with typhoid fever, had it not been for a Jewish commander; being taken to Sosnowiec Sosnowice then Mauthausen; being taken to Gunskirchen; being liberated by Americans; traveling to Budapest, Hungary, and Salzburg, Austria; and immigrating to Israel in Holocaust Memorial Prostitutes Krapkowice will help you learn more about the Holocaust and research your family history.

Lea Fuchs Portnoy, Prostitutes Krapkowice in Prostitutes Krapkowice, Ukraine indiscusses her family life; pre-war antisemitism; joining Prostitutes Krapkowice youth groups; the German entrance in ; life in the ghetto; escaping to the forest with her child; shelter given to her by Polish peasants; briefly joining the partisans in the forest; boarding various trains in the direction of Russia; spending time in Kiev, Ukraine; working in an army kitchen; and attempts to return to Rafalovka, Ukraine.

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Anka Prostitutes Krapkowice, born in Warsaw, Poland, discusses pre-war antisemitism; getting married in Prostitutes Krapkowice the beginning of Prostitutes Krapkowice in ; life in the Warsaw ghetto; food shortages in the ghetto; her husband and a friend building two attached bunkers; hiding with 21 others during round-ups; hiding with her husband, his brother and sister, and others during the ghetto uprising; working in a battery Prostitutes Krapkowice in the Warsaw ghetto; a visit by Mordechai Anilevitch; the structure of bunkers and food storage in the Warsaw ghetto in January ; some leaving after the larger bunker was destroyed; using drains to obtain food from Poles; her husband negotiating with Poles who killed him; staying Prostitutes Krapkowice her brother-in-law and sister-in-law in the drains for three more days; exiting to the house of a Pole who helped them; and the Polish uprising; and how she hid in the bunker for nine months and only she and her sister-in-law survived the war.

David Ruher, born on March 10,in Lublin, Prostitutes Krapkowice, discusses his family life; imprisonment in Bereza-Kartuska, Poland Biaroza, Belarus and the Rawicz prison in Rawicz, Poland, for Communist activities; Prostitutes Krapkowice of the ghetto in Lublin, Poland; finding refuge for his family in the colony of Czechowice, Poland; finding refuge on a farm in Melgiew, Poland; plans to go to Germany; being separated from his father; traveling to Lublin; contact with the underground in Lukow, Poland, in September ; witnessing the liquidation of the Jews of Lukow; returning to Lublin in ; reuniting with his brother and sister at the end of May ; and immigrating to Palestine before Vera Tarsi, born on May 20,in Uzhgorod, Czechoslovakia Uzhhorod, Ukrainedescribes her family; moving to Prague, Czech Republic when she was one-year old; the German entrance into Czechoslovakia in and her father's attempts to obtain Hungarian passports; moving to Budapest, Hungary through Vienna, Austria in ; teaching English and French to two sisters in Budapest; obtaining Prostitutes Krapkowice Swiss passports; moving into a protected house on the shores of the Danube in ; the Russian army's arrival; working at the newly opened Czech embassy in Budapest; returning to Prague; marrying Prostitutes Krapkowice survivor; and immigrating to Israel in March These additional online resources from the U.

Holocaust Memorial Museum will help you learn more about the Holocaust and research your family history.

The Holocaust Encyclopedia provides an overview of the Holocaust using text, photographs, maps, artifacts, and personal histories. Research family history relating to the Holocaust and explore the Museum's collections about individual survivors and victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution.

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Reference questions, including those regarding access to collections, may be directed to reference ushmm. For questions about donating materials, please contact curator ushmm. Please do not send any materials until explicitly directed to do so Prostitutes Krapkowice curatorial staff. Thank you for your understanding. Back to Results Prostitutes Krapkowice Search. Oral history interview with Erna Elerat. Interviewee Erna Elerat. Date interview: March Language Hebrew.

Expand Prostitutes Krapkowice. About This Oral History. Keywords and Subjects. Topical Term Antisemitism. Concentration camp escapes. Concentration camp inmates--Medical care--Poland. Death marches.

Forced labor. Holocaust survivors. Holocaust, Jewish --Personal narratives. Human experimentation in medicine. Refugee camps. War crime trials. World War, Atrocities. World War, Personal narratives, Jewish. Women--Personal narratives. Leitner, Wolf. Administrative History. Legal Status Permanent Collection.

Anka Rochman, born in Warsaw, Poland, discusses pre-war antisemitism; getting married in ; the beginning of war in ; life in the Warsaw ghetto; food shortages in the ghetto; her husband and a friend building two attached bunkers; hiding with 21 others during round-ups; hiding with her husband, his brother and sister, and others during the ghetto uprising; working in a battery factory in the Warsaw ghetto; a visit by Mordechai Anilevitch; the structure of bunkers and food storage in the Warsaw ghetto in January ; some leaving after the larger bunker was destroyed; using drains to obtain food from Poles; her husband negotiating with Poles who killed him; staying with her brother-in-law and sister-in-law in the drains for three more days; exiting to the house of a Pole who helped them; and the Polish uprising; and how she hid in the bunker for nine months and only she and her sister-in-law survived the war.

Rights and Restrictions. Conditions Prostitutes Krapkowice Access No restrictions on access. Conditions on Use No restrictions on use. Oral history interview with Rafael Abarbanel and Prostitutes Krapkowice Abarbanel Oral History Raphael Rudy Abarbanel, born indiscusses his family and his childhood in Prostitutes Krapkowice, Serbia; moving to Belgrade, Prostitutes Krapkowice his religious upbringing; joining the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement; his disbelief about events in Germany; the German bombings of Belgrade; being taken from his home; his work in a forced labor group under German control and his attempts to join Communist partisans; escaping from a train in Lom, Bulgaria; joining other refugees in Sofia, Bulgaria; Prostitutes Krapkowice caught Prostitutes Krapkowice interned in Albania; forging documents; escaping by boat in February ; landing in a British camp for refugees in Bari, Italy; immigrating to Palestine; and settling in a kibbutz in Israel.

Oral history interview with Moshe Alpan Oral History Moshe Alpan born Moshe Elefant discusses the antisemitism in Vranov, Slovakia before the war; joining Hashomer Hatzair; the anti-Jewish measures and violence; the disbelief of his community at what was happening; becoming active in the Zionist movement as a way to help; organizing the Hashomer Hatzair underground movement in Budapest, Hungary in February ; the German occupation of Budapest in March ; the Jewish resistance groups; partisan rescue missions; working Prostitutes Krapkowice the communist underground movement; helping Polish Jews Prostitutes Krapkowice into Slovakia; his emotional responses to the events; immigrating to Israel in July ; and his philosophical ideas about heroism, being a victim, and Prostitutes Krapkowice.

Oral history interview with Genya Batasheva Oral History Genya Batasheva, born in in Kiev, Ukraine, discusses her childhood; the famine in ; going to school for accounting and becoming a bookkeeper; the Prostitutes Krapkowice occupation of Kiev, Ukraine; constructing defense positions in the suburbs of Kiev; the round ups of Jews; the Prostitutes Krapkowice at Babi Yar and the murder of her family; telling guards she was Russian; getting fake identity papers; leaving for Kharkiv, Ukraine with her friend Olga Zacharovna Rozhchenko; working in Omsk, Russia for two years; hearing the news that the Soviets liberated Kiev; receiving a letter from her father and joining him in Barnaul, Russia; daily life in Barnaul; her post-war life; and her immigration to Israel due to Russian anti-Semitism.

Oral history interview with Sonia Berenshtein Oral History Sonia Berenshtein, born indiscusses her childhood in Zheludok, Poland present day Belarus ; her family; joining the underground movement in the Dzyatlava ghetto; the liquidation of the ghetto in August ; hiding in the forest with a partisan group under Hirsch Kaplinski; participating in partisan actions; a typhoid epidemic; liberation by the Prostitutes Krapkowice immigrating to Palestine; and her life in Israel.

Oral history interview with Josef Binenshtok Oral History Josef Binenshtok, born in Wadowice, Poland, describes the beginning of the war and the racial laws; building barracks in Auschwitz; traveling to the labor camp Ottmuth to build the Berlin Moskva autobahn; arrival of other Jews from Holland, Belgium, and Greece; the shutting down of labor Prostitutes Krapkowice and mass extermination camps; traveling to Blechhammer and working to build gas chambers in Blechhammer; traveling by train to Gross Rosen, Buchenwald, Dora, and Sachsenhausen; liberation near Schwerin Skwierzyna, Poland ; living in a displaced persons camp near Bergen-Belsen; and immigrating to Palestine.

Oral history interview with Ben Zion Blushtein Oral History Ben Zion Prostitutes Krapkowice, born in in Domachow, Poland, discusses his family; his experiences Prostitutes Krapkowice anti-Semitism; the German invasion; how Jews were forced to perform labor; being forced into Prostitutes Krapkowice ghetto; escaping to join Jewish partisans in the woods; partisan actions against Germans; capturing a German fort; being liberated by the Soviets; living in a displaced persons camp; his family life; and immigrating to Israel.

Oral history interview with Betty Cana Oral Prostitutes Krapkowice Betty Cana, born November 11, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, discusses being the youngest of five sisters; her family's orthodoxy; attending public school; antisemitic harassment; attending a Jewish school; participating in a Zionist youth group; one sister's immigration Prostitutes Krapkowice Palestine in ; her father's death; preparing to immigrate to Palestine on a Hechalutz kibbutz in Beverwijk; German invasion; returning to Amsterdam; her marriage; operating Prostitutes Krapkowice children's kibbutz in Elden with her husband; being arrested in October ; Prostitutes Krapkowice deported to Westerbork; the arrival of her mother and one sister; deportation with her mother and husband to Auschwitz in September ; being separated from her mother; volunteering for specious medical experiments by Dr.

Prostitutes Krapkowice history interview with Manoss Diamant Oral History Manoss Diamant, born in in Katowice, Poland, discusses his family and childhood; his education; being in a Zionist youth group; escaping to Warsaw, Poland in ; being forced into the Sosnowiec ghetto in ; being in a resistance group; the activities of the Judenrat who collaborated with Germans; being selected for work by the Germans; his sabotage activities; escaping from the ghetto; working in Austria under an assumed identity; being caught and sent Prostitutes Krapkowice a camp near Vienna, Austria; Prostitutes Krapkowice as a doctor and working in a hospital in Graz, Austria; escaping to Hungary and joining a work group in Budapest; the Germans entering Hungary in March ; being liberated by the Soviets in Prostitutes Krapkowice ; Prostitutes Krapkowice his post-war feelings about perpetrators.

Oral history interview with Ya'akov Eisner Oral History Ya'akov Eisner, born in Czestochowa, Poland, recounts attending Jewish and Polish schools; starvation during World War I; his marriage and the births of two of his children; leaving his family to work in Paris for two years during the Depression; the German invasion; ghettoization; his mother's murder by Germans in ; burying her; his deportation with his wife and children to Treblinka; Prostitutes Krapkowice selection as a carpenter his family was killed ; sadistic public executions; escaping; assistance from a local non-Jews who brought him to Jewish partisans; fleeing when other non-Jews approached; returning to the Czestochowa ghetto via Warsaw with assistance from non-Jews; his marriage to a cousin; slave labor; being deported; escaping from the train; returning to Czestochowa now a camp ; liberation with his wife by Soviet troops; his immigration to Israel; and being a witness at a war criminal trial of S.

Oral history interview with Rudi Fruchter Oral History Rudi Fruchter, born March in Budapest, Hungary, describes antisemitism in Hungary and Romania; being recruited into the Jewish unit of the Hungarian Army; going to the Carpathian mountains as a forced labor group; being deported to Auschwitz to cut hair and translate; singing for the Kapos; moving to a French labor camp near Strassburg and the Maginot Line; Prostitutes Krapkowice to the Kochendort German camp October ; building camps for Russian POWs; moving by train to Dachau; liberation; looking for friends and family after the war; participating in Yiddish theater; immigrating to Israel; and adjusting to Israeli life.

Oral history interview with Kariel Gardosh Oral History Kariel Gardosh, born indiscusses his childhood in Budapest, Hungary; pre-war antisemitism; outbreak of war in ; being conscripted for forced labor in the army; working in central Hungary and then Bor, Yugoslavia Serbia ; building train tracks; being marched back towards Hungary; witnessing exterminations in Zamun, Serbia; being taken to a brick factory; witnessing exterminations in Hungary; escaping in October ; being hidden by Hungarian train workers; being liberated by Tito Prostitutes Krapkowice in Serbia; joining their fight; obtaining Russian papers; returning to Budapest; joining the Russian army and entering Budapest; learning the fate of his family; and going to Yugoslavia.

Oral history interview with Alvin Glazer Oral History Alvin Glazer, born in in Kromeriz, Czechoslovakia, discusses his studies; having to quit school in due to the German occupation of Prague; changes in everyday life under the Germans; playing a role in Youth Aliyah; the leadership of the Jewish community, including Otto Zucker, Jakob Edelstein, and Yanovitch; being sent to the Theresienstadt Terezin ghetto; Prostitutes Krapkowice to prepare the ghetto in November ; relocating to the Magdeburg Barracks; and living conditions in the camp.

Oral history interview with Menachem Granek Oral History Menachem Granek, born indiscusses his childhood in Chepitz, Poland; organizing a Betar youth movement in ; his schooling; pre-war antisemitism; joining the Polish Army for two years; being taken as a prisoner of war by Prostitutes Krapkowice being sent to Lipowa camp in Lublin, Poland in July ; escaping the camp and returning home; organizing a resistance group; the head of the Judenrat; being conscripted for forced labor for eight months in and working on the Autostrada Prostitutes Krapkowice Russian POWs; being injured and going to a hospital in Sosnowiec, Poland; returning Prostitutes Krapkowice going to Sosnowiec; helping with the underground movement; escaping deportation; living under an assumed identity Prostitutes Krapkowice a Mercedes-Benz work camp in Oppeln, Germany; liberation by the Soviets; and illegally immigrating to Israel via France in Oral history interview with Hanna Prostitutes Krapkowice Oral History Hanna Greishitzki, born in in Cluj, Romania, discusses German forces arriving Prostitutes Krapkowice Cluj in March ; the swift implementation of anti-Jewish measures; being forced Prostitutes Krapkowice the ghetto May 3, ; being deported to Auschwitz; conditions on the train; arriving in Auschwitz; being taken to the labor camp Hainichen; working conditions in the factory; atrocities in the camp; marching to trains to take them to Theresidenstadt Terezin in April ; being very ill; being liberated by Soviets; her life after the war; and dealing with Prostitutes Krapkowice emotional effects of the war and Auschwitz.

Oral history interview with Nechama Hochbaum Oral History Nechama Hochbaum, born in Stottz, Poland, discusses moving to Lachowicze, Poland Liakhavichy, Belarus in ; attending a Jewish high school in Baranovic until ; life under the Russian regime; the Germans entering the town at the start of the war and the positive reaction from Poles; working under the S.

Oral history interview with Pnina Grinshpan Oral History Prostitutes Krapkowice Papler Grinshpan, born in Nowy Dwor near Warsaw, Prostitutes Krapkowice, describes the creation of the Warsaw ghetto and conditions inside the ghetto; managing to get a job working in the Landau furniture factory; how on April 19,Germans entered the ghetto and prepared to liquidate it entirely; escaping with several fighters through the sewers to join Antek Zuckerman, who was fighting outside the ghetto walls; joining the partisans in the forest and subsequently joining the Polish resistance in the forests; encounters with Soviet soldiers, escaped war prisoners, and local farmers; how her jobs in the forest consisted mainly of sabotage; her husband, Chaim Grinshpan, who was also a ghetto fighter, and their immigration to Palestine via Prostitutes Krapkowice, Romania; and her children and grandchildren.

Oral history Prostitutes Krapkowice with Willi Groag Oral History Willi Groag, born on August 7,in Olmvetz, Moravia, describes how after Germany invaded Czechoslovakia he tried to leave but was unable to do so; teaching Prostitutes Krapkowice from to ; going to Hachshara for agricultural training; leaving the farm in January and anticipating the transport of all Jews from Olmvetz; Willi describes his transport to Terezin, life in the ghetto, his work in the children's house, and transports from Terezin; art in the ghetto and the artists Karl Fleischmann, Peter Kien, Leo Haas, and Ferdinand Bloch; and the Red Cross visits and beautification of the ghetto for those visits.

Oral history interview with Chaim Gurewitz Oral History Chaim Gurewitz, born in Lithuania, describes his Prostitutes Krapkowice and growing up in Panevezys, Lithuania; the growing antisemitism in the late s; Jewish life in Kaunas in the s; his life in the Kaunas ghetto, how they lived, what they ate, and the tasks they were assigned; executions in the ghetto, including the Ninth Fort massacre on October 29, ; the escape of prisoners of war and Jews from the Ninth Fort; being taken to the Landsberg Prostitutes Krapkowice camp; life in the camp; being beaten for stealing potatoes; being moved from Landsberg to Dachau in April ; trying to return home after liberation and interrogations by Soviets; going to Munich, Prostitutes Krapkowice and Prostitutes Krapkowice taken care of by Americans; his attempts to memorialize losses; and the need to educate youth Prostitutes Krapkowice the Holocaust.

Oral history interview with Israel Gutmann Oral History Israel Gutman, born in Warsaw, Poland, Prostitutes Krapkowicedescribes joining the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement; life in the ghetto, underground activities, and the Warsaw Ghetto uprising; his transport to Majdanek and Prostitutes Krapkowice transport to Auschwitz I; the underground Prostitutes Krapkowice in Auschwitz; being evacuated in January from Auschwitz and his arrival in Mauthausen; being in quarantine; daily life in the camp; being liberated on May 5,and hospitalized in Linz, Prostitutes Krapkowice going to Italy with the Jewish Brigade to help out those wanting to immigrate to Palestine; his immigration to Palestine and joining a kibbutz; his thoughts on what it means to be Jewish; and the meaning of heroism during the Holocaust.

Oral history interview with Shmuel Hacohen Oral History Shmuel Hacohen, born in Amsterdam, Netherlands on July 7,discusses his extended Prostitutes Krapkowice, most of whom were murdered; the food restrictions at the beginning of the war, National Socialism in Holland, and mobilization of the Dutch army; life in Amsterdam after the German invasion, including activities of the Judenrat; how in January the registration of Jews was organized by the Dutch Interior Ministry; being transported to Westerbork in April ; life in the camp, its hierarchy, hospital, Prostitutes Krapkowice, and opera; his transport to Bergen Belsen; the changing conditions of the camp during Prostitutes Krapkowice time there; the liberation of the camp; being taken to Risa, north of Leipzig, to a Polish POW camp where he contracted typhoid fever; his return to Holland and the post-war antisemitism; and Prostitutes Krapkowice immigration to Israel and his long period of adjustment to life in Israel.

Oral history interview with Chaim Hamer Oral History Prostitutes Krapkowice Hamer, born inin Dorna, South Bukovina, describes Jewish life in Dorna, including speaking Hebrew and being in youth movements; attending school and synagogues; antisemitism when Bukovina was taken by the Russians and retaken by the Romanians; his deportation to Mogilev Mahiliou, Belarus in ; joining a group of young Zionists in ; being ordered to go to Torchin to work in a coal mine; his return to Mogilev and his unsuccessful attempt to lead a group of orphans across the Dniester River; functions of the Prostitutes Krapkowice in Mogilev and the Pechora camp; his enlistment with the Soviet Army, reaching Riga, Latvia and Smolensk, Russia; returning to Bucharest, Romania and working with youth groups assisting Jewish immigration to Palestine; and his immigration to Israel, meeting his wife, and life in the Prostitutes Krapkowice stages of the State of Israel.

Oral history interview with Avraham Hass Oral History Avraham Hass, born in in Bukovina, Prostitutes Krapkowice, describes his family of Hassidic farmers near the Polish border; life and survival in Ukrainian ghettos; the Judenrat and its uneven treatment of ghetto residents and its collaboration with authorities; his family's expulsion across the Dniester River to Mogilev-Podolskiy, Ukraine; returning home to Soziawa, Romania after liberation and subsequently going to Bucharest, Romania, where he made contact with Hashomer Hatzair, which organized his illegal immigration to Palestine; his detention in a camp in Prostitutes Krapkowice, Cyprus; and Prostitutes Krapkowice the Haganah and smuggling inmates out of Prostitutes Krapkowice camp.

Oral history interview with Shalom Hertzberg Oral History Shalom Hertzberg, born in Bedzin, Poland, discusses his prosperous Zionist family; his daily Talmud studies; being an active member of the Zionist youth movement, Noar Zioni; being recruited Prostitutes Krapkowice the Polish Army in ; being imprisoned by Germans in Krakow, Poland; being helped by non-Jews to get a German identity and to escape; the first Aktion Prostitutes Krapkowice August 12, ; being sent to the Blechhammer camp; the Prostitutes Krapkowice march of January ; liberation April 27, ; aiding American intelligence to get information from SS prisoners; returning to a normal life; establishing a Massuah in Israel; and early attitudes about the Prostitutes Krapkowice in Israel.

Oral Prostitutes Krapkowice interview with Nechama Hochbaum Oral History Nechama Hochbaum, born in Stottz, Poland, discusses moving to Prostitutes Krapkowice, Poland Liakhavichy, Belarus in ; attending a Jewish high school in Baranovic until ; life under the Russian regime; the Germans entering the town at the start of the war and the positive reaction from Poles; working under the S. Oral history interview with Yehoyakim Kochavi Oral History Yehoyakim Kochavi, born in, in Prostitutes Krapkowice, Germany, describes growing up in a non-traditional Jewish family, attending Jewish schools, and encountering antisemitism; being involved in Zionist activities as a young person; leaving for Palestine in to escape the Nazis; returning to Germany in ; learning that his mother had committed suicide and his father had died during the war; living in Israel and not bringing up the past with his children.

Oral history interview with Yehuda Arie Leo Koretz Oral History Yehuda Arie Leo Koretz, born in Hamburg, Germany in July Prostitutes Krapkowice, describes his parents; the fates of family members; how in his father was appointed chief rabbi in Salonika ThessalonikeGreece; the implementation of the Nuremberg laws in Salonika in early ; the natural ghetto in Salonika; his family being taken to Baron de Hirsch camp, where they stayed until August 2, ; being deported to Bergen-Belsen; camp life of Belsen; life in the camp including his jobs, medical care, and the conditions; being evacuated towards the end of the war and his liberation by Soviet soldiers; returning to Salonika and Prostitutes Krapkowice to Palestine; his post-war profession and family; and the rehabilitation of his father's reputation.

Oral history interview with Edit Dita Kraus Oral History Edit Dita Kraus, born in Prague, Czechoslovakia Czech Republic on July 12,describes her assimilated Jewish family; going into the Terezin Theresienstadt ghetto in ; participating in cultural activities in the ghetto, including operas, drawing and painting, and taking art lessons from Friedl Brandeis; the death of many of her older relatives in the ghetto; being sent to Auschwitz in Decemberwhere she thought about committing suicide; being moved to a work camp in Hamburg, Germany, where she removed debris of collapsed Prostitutes Krapkowice and worked in distilleries along the Elba River; being sent to another forced Prostitutes Krapkowice camp, Neugraben, then camp Tiefstock, and then to Bergen Belsen; her return to Prague; and her immigration to Israel.

Oral history interview with Abraham Larva Oral History Abraham Larva, born inin Siauliai, Lithuania, describes his pre-war life, including joining Prostitutes Krapkowice Maccabi youth group and attempting to immigrate to Israel; the German entry into Siauliai; being taken to work at a mass burial of Soviet POWs; Prostitutes Krapkowice and working for a peasant, digging ditches at an airport and working in a leather factory until ; being sent to work at a camp outside of the ghetto; returning to the ghetto, where he worked in a tannery; life in the ghetto, including schools, songs, weddings, court, hospital, births, and abortions; escaping from the ghetto to the forest with a group of six; life in the forest and meeting with Lithuanian communists who gave them food and weapons; being liberated and joining the Russian Army; returning to a burned-out Siauliai; going to the Landsberg displaced Prostitutes Krapkowice camp; receiving a visa from his aunt to go to the United States; and his family and life in Israel.

Oral history Prostitutes Krapkowice with Juergen Levenstein Oral History Juergen Levenstein, born in Berlin, Germanydescribes joining Prostitutes Krapkowice Hachshara Zionist group to prepare to immigrate to Israel; antisemitism in Berlin after Prostitutes Krapkowice the closing of the Hachsara group; working in a farm work group in Schnibichen then Grutens; his deportation to Birkeanu; going to Buna to work in the rubber factory; going to Zgoda to work in the cannon factory; being ill in Auschwitz; transferring to Prostitutes Krapkowice to work in a factory; being transported to Mauthausen to avoid the Prostitutes Krapkowice Soviet forces; the liberation by the United States Army; walking to Linz, Austria; being hospitalized for a year Prostitutes Krapkowice tuberculosis; immigrating to Israel; feelings about post-war Germany; and reflections on what occurred.

Oral history interview with Chaim Levkowitz Oral History Chaim Levkowitz, born April 23, in Vlonia, Poland, describes the bombing of the town September 1, ; the creation of the ghetto; racial laws; the Judenrat; the Jewish police; moving to twelve camps; working in an ammunition factory; working on the Autostrada roadways; marching Prostitutes Krapkowice of Langenscheid as American forces approached; liberation by the Americans; and the effects and lessons of the Holocaust.

Oral history interview with Azriel Levy Oral History Azriel Levy, born Junedescribes his life and schooling in Kovno, Poland Kaunas, Lithuania ; the Soviet occupation; German occupation in June ; Prostitutes Krapkowice creation of Prostitutes Krapkowice ghetto; ghetto institutions and living; joining the partisan movement; getting caught and deported to Landsberg-am-Lech concentration camp Prostitutes Krapkowice July ; escaping from a train to Dachau in April ; Prostitutes Krapkowice by the Allies; immigrating to Palestine Israel ; and not discussing the Holocaust until the early s.

Oral history interview with Eliezer Lidovski Oral History Eliezer Lidovski, born October 18, in Zhetel, Poland now Dziatlava, Belarusdiscusses the arrival of Prostitutes Krapkowice Soviet troops; being identified as a leader of the Zionist movement; accusations and questioning by the NKVD People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of Prostitutes Krapkowice Soviet Union; being spared exile to Siberia; being cleared of all charges and his passport was returned; being caught by Germans in Minsk, Belarus; being sent to a military camp outside of Minsk; fleeing the camp; living in the Baranowice ghetto; living with partisans in Rovno, Poland Ukraine ; participating in the NAKAM the Jewish Avengers ; living in Italy with the Jewish Brigade; being caught by the British; internment in Cyprus; immigration to Israel; and adjustment to a new life.

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Prostitutes Krapkowice history interview with Yehoshua Lior Oral History Yehoshua Lior, born in in Lachva LakhvaBelarus, describes Prostitutes Krapkowice and the Jewish community there; life under Soviet rule from to ; the Wehrmacht entering the city on June 8, and how they took all men fourteen years and older to work; Prostitutes Krapkowice creation of the ghetto on Passover eve in ; his current mission to publicize the Lachva ghetto so that others will know about it; the resistance movement in the ghetto and its young leader, Yitzhak Rochzyn; the revolt during the night of Prostitutes Krapkowice; his escape and encounters with partisans Prostitutes Krapkowice were not willing to Prostitutes Krapkowice him and shot some escapees; the death of his family in the ghetto; joining the Red Army and moving through several countries after the war, including Cyprus; testifying at war crime trials; and immigrating to Palestine in Oral history interview with Menashe Lorenzy Oral History Menashe Lorenzy, born inin Kluzh, Hungary Cluj-Napoca, Romaniadescribes his family and his twin sister, Lea; the persecution of Jews by Hungarians and Romanians; the large Jewish community in Kluzh; his father being sent to do forced labor; the Kastner family and the later Kastner trial; being ordered to go to Prostitutes Krapkowice ghetto in Czilastnocho; the liquidation of the ghetto after two months and being sent with the other inmates to Auschwitz; being marched out of Birkenau to the forest where they were liberated by the Russian Army; going to Prostitutes Krapkowice, Poland, and was taken with Italian prisoners of war to Belarus to the Slutsk prison camp; his post-war life and family; and how his Holocaust Prostitutes Krapkowice influenced his thinking about the wars in Israel.

Oral history interview with Benjamin Maierchik Oral History Benjamin Maierchik, born in in Wloclawek, Poland, describes his pre-war family life and the Jewish community of Wloclawek; studying engineering to prepare for immigration to Israel and attending school in Warsaw; joining a Polish artillery unit; escaping and going to Mezerich; going to Brest, Belarus and his work there; moving to L'viv, Ukraine in Spring ; being arrested by the Soviets and sent to Rybinsk, where he Prostitutes Krapkowice part of the project to build the port; Turgenievo camp; the conditions in Turgenievo; joining the Red Army in September and being sent to the Caucasus and Uzbekistan; joining the Free Polish Army; participating in actions in Smolensk, Russia, in the liberation of Warsaw and Poznan, and in a victory parade in Prague; Polish antisemitism; his journey to Prostitutes Krapkowice in ; and fighting in the Israeli War of Independence.

Oral history interview Prostitutes Krapkowice Yehuda Marshand Oral History Yehuda Marshand, born in Amsterdam, Netherlands on September 27,describes his family; his childhood; working for a firm that imported metals; meeting his wife, Hetti, in ; the arrival of Jewish refugees from Germany Prostitutes Krapkowice ; Prostitutes Krapkowice the Dutch Army and becoming an officer; how after the Germans occupied Holland, he met a woman in Amersfoort who was active in the underground and a nobleman who agreed to give him his name so he would have a new identity; living in hiding with a Christian family; going in to Groningen, where he had to give his documents to the manager of the hotel who had to give them to a German policeman; being captured and sent to 's-Hertogenbosch camp, where Yehuda worked for the Philips factory; being sent to Westerbork, and then Birkenau, Monowitz, Gleiwitz, Dora, and Nordhausen; his post-war life; and immigration to Israel.

Oral history interview with Yosef Morgenshtern Oral History Yosef Morgenshtern, born on July Prostitutes Krapkowice, in Subotica, Serbia, describes his family and living in Sremska Mitrovica; the German arrival on April 22,prior to which his father was then arrested and taken to a camp near Osijek; being arrested with his brother by the Ustashi; the family being taken to Zagreb, Croatia and put into prison; how his family had provided housing to two Jews who fled Germany in the s; being transferred Prostitutes Krapkowice Gospic; being transported after 20 days to Jasenovac II and his work there; the atrocities at Jasenovac, where he was held for about Prostitutes Krapkowice months; being sent to Stara Gradiska, where he and his brother were assigned to work at the 'economy,' Prostitutes Krapkowice work; witnessing the murder of his brother; his life after liberation, including spending three years with the partisans and having various Prostitutes Krapkowice and going to Israel in Oral history interview with Shoshana Naor Prostitutes Krapkowice History Shoshana Naor, born in Berlin, Germany indescribes her family; experiencing antisemitism; Kristallnacht; being sent by her family to Denmark where she stayed with a few different families in Copenhagen and in the countryside; her correspondence with her parents and sister; the Danish underground moving her to Sweden where she decided to study to become a nurse; specializing in midwifery; learning the fate of her mother from Prostitutes Krapkowice Red Cross and trying to immigrate to Israel through Belgium and France; arriving in Haifa after Prostitutes Krapkowice arduous journey, but not being allowed to disembark; being sent to Cyprus; eventually going to Palestine; and why she felt she survived.

Oral history interview with Artur Posnanski Oral History Artur Posnanski, born on July 30,in Berlin, Germany, describes his family; being part of a Jewish organization ILI ; working for a Jewish social agency and taking children to Denmark in ; bringing 30 children to Sweden in Prostitutes Krapkowice saving his parents eight times from transports; going to Hafilberg in the province of Brandenburg in ; going back to Berlin, where he was conscripted into forced labor; his brother going to Palestine illegally; being transported to camp Monowitz a sub-camp of Auschwitz ; the bombing of his barracks by the English; scarlet fever in the camp; selections in the camps; being moved to Buchenwald; being liberated and the condition of camp at the Prostitutes Krapkowice of liberation; his post-war family life and immigration Prostitutes Krapkowice Israel; and his views on post-war Germany.

Oral history interview with Simon Tov Razon Oral History Simon-Tov Razon, born in Salonika ThessalonikeGreece inProstitutes Krapkowice attending Jewish school; his neighborhood number ; being recruited into the Greek Army in ; being near the border of Bulgaria and in the mountains for 7 to 8 months in ; joining the partisans in Prostitutes Krapkowice obtaining a false identification card as a Christian with the name Simon Demandopolis; how their partisan base was in the caves in Prostitutes Krapkowice mountains and there were women among their group; sabotaging the railroad stations; receiving orders Prostitutes Krapkowice go to the villages and shoot so as to make it seem like they had large forces and thus encourage the farmers to join Prostitutes Krapkowice how his partisan division consisted of Prostitutes Krapkowice, among them 10 to 15 Jews who got weapons and food Prostitutes Krapkowice farmers; how after Prostitutes Krapkowice months after liberation he met friends from the Jewish Agency; his immigration to Israel; and his adaptation to that society.

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Oral history interview with Peretz Revess Oral History Peretz Revess, born in in Horitz HoriceAustro-Hungary now Czech Republicdescribes his family, education, and encounters with antisemitism; becoming a leader of the Maccabi movement in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia Slovakia ; how when the Nazis came to Prostitutes Krapkowice, Peretz's family arranged to escape to Budapest, Hungary; hiding in various locations in Hungary and Prostitutes Krapkowice Joel Brandt in saving others; being liberated and assisting in Prostitutes Krapkowice food to children's homes in Budapest; running the office responsible for children's homes and being responsible for over children; how most of the budget came from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee; immigrating to Israel and settling in a kibbutz; and the trial of Rudolf Kastner.

Oral history interview with Simcha Rotem Oral History Simcha Rotem, born in in Prostitutes Krapkowice, Poland, describes his family and early life; experiencing antisemitism in school; joining the Akiva Zionist youth movement; the first German decrees against Jews; being transferred to Prostitutes Krapkowice Warsaw ghetto and living conditions inside the ghetto; life in the ghetto, including contact with friends, slave labor, and Prostitutes Krapkowice to trade for food with gentiles, the Judenrat, and on the black market; being involved in meetings of the resistance movement; going to Czerniakow; not being active in the first uprising; resistance activities and various hiding places; going to Prostitutes Krapkowice to contact partisan leader Michel Borwicz; the difficult conditions in Krakow prior to capture by the Red Army; and his illegal immigration to Palestine.

Oral history interview with Gustav Schaumberger Oral History Prostitutes Krapkowice Schaumburger, born on December 6, in the small town Hlyboka, Ukraine; describes his family; his childhood; how in the Russians took back Bukovina, the Germans retreated, and how it affected Prostitutes Krapkowice life; how in May-June most Jews were ordered to move to Prostitutes Krapkowice prescribed ghetto area; his family going to the Czernovitz Chernivtsi ghetto; life in the ghetto and having to forge and barter for food; being transferred to Mogilev-Podolsk, Ukraine; Prostitutes Krapkowice liberated by partisans; the partisans distributing arms and ghetto conditions improving; the fates of his siblings; being recruited Prostitutes Krapkowice the Red Army and sent to build an airport in Belarus; moving to Israel; and discussing his Holocaust experiences.

Oral history interview with Yehoshua Shachar Oral History Yehoshua Shachar, born Prostitutes Krapkowice in Debrecen, Hungary, describes his orthodox family; community life and incidents of antisemitism; the Germans entering Hungary in March ; the increasing restrictions imposed on the Jewish community; how his mother and her three sons Prostitutes Krapkowice forced to pack and were pushed with others onto crowded trains; Prostitutes Krapkowice to Vienna, Austria, where he worked in a school and in farms; being forced to march with thousands to Mauthausen; conditions in the camp; Kapos; being sent on a truck to Gunskirchen; liberation by Americans; escaping the camp when Russians took over and he returned to Vienna to contact the JOINT; finding his family in Debrecen on August 20, ; his immigration to Palestine; and his postwar life and family in Israel.

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Oral history interview with Kariel Gardosh Oral History Kariel Gardosh, born in , discusses his childhood in Budapest, Hungary; pre-war antisemitism; outbreak of war in ; being conscripted for forced labor in the army; working in central Hungary and then Bor, Yugoslavia Serbia ; building train tracks; being marched back towards Hungary; witnessing exterminations in Zamun, Serbia; being taken to a brick factory; witnessing exterminations in Hungary; escaping in October ; being hidden by Hungarian train workers; being liberated by Tito partisans in Serbia; joining their fight; obtaining Russian papers; returning to Budapest; joining the Russian army and entering Budapest; learning the fate of his family; and going to Yugoslavia. About This Oral History.

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